मानव-पर्यावरण अन्योन्यक्रिया :उष्णकटिबंधीय एवं उपोष्ण प्रदेश
कक्षा : 7
विषय :
सामाजिक विज्ञान (भूगोल – हमारा पर्यावरण)
अध्याय:-8 (मानव-पर्यावरण अन्योन्यक्रिया :
उष्णकटिबंधीय एवं उपोष्ण प्रदेश)
आओ कुछ करके
सीखें :-
1
. ब्रह्मपुत्र
नदी को विभिन्न स्थानों पर विभिन्न नामों से जाना जाता है। इस नदी के अन्य नामों
का पता लगाइए।
उत्तर :- ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी एक बहुत लम्बी
(2900
किलोमीटर)
नदी है। ब्रह्मपुत्र का नाम तिब्बत में सांपो, अरुणाचल में डिहं तथा असम में
ब्रह्मपुत्र है। बांग्लादेश में जमुना के नाम से जानी जाती है। चीन में
या-लू-त्सांग-पू चियांग या यरलुंग ज़ैगंबो जियांग कहते है. अरुणाचल में
ब्रम्हपुत्र देहांग के नाम से जानी जाती है। गंगा नदी को बांग्लादेश में पद्मा
कहते है।
अभ्यास:-
1 . निम्न
प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए:-
(क) उस महाद्वीप का नाम बताएँ
जो अमेज़न बेसिन में स्थित है ?
उत्तर :- अमेज़न बेसिन दक्षिणी अमेरिका
महाद्वीप में स्थित है।
(ख) अमेज़न बेसिन के लोग कौन –
सी फ़सल उपजाते है ?
उत्तर :- यहाँ के लोग छोटे – से क्षेत्र में वन के कुछ
वृक्षों को काटकर अपने भोजन के लिए फसल उगाते हैं। यहाँ के पुरुष शिकार करते हैं
तथा नदी में मछली पकड़ते हैं जबकि महिलाएँ फसलों का ध्यान रखती हैं। वे मुख्यतः
टेपियोका,
अनन्नास
एवं शकरकंद उगाते हैं। क्योंकि मछली या शिकार मिलना अनिश्चित होता है ऐसे में महिलाएँ ही अपनी उगाई शाक – सब्जियों से अपने परिवार का
भरण –
पोषण
करती हैं। वे “ कर्तन एवं दहन कृषि पद्धति “ का प्रयोग करते हैं। इनका
मुख्य आहार मेनियोक है, जिसे कसावा भी कहते हैं तथा यह
आलू की तरह जमीन के अंदर पैदा होता है। यहाँ कॉफी, मक्का, एवं कोको जैसी नकदी फ़सल भी
उगाई जाती है।
(ग) अमेज़न के वर्षावन में कौन –
से पक्षी पाए जाते हैं ?
उत्तर:- यहाँ की भूमि प्रकाश रहित एवं
नम बनी रहती है। यहाँ केवल वही वनस्पति पनप सकती है जिसमें छाया में बढ़ने की
क्षमता हो। परजीवी पौधों के रूप में यहाँ आर्किड एवं ब्रोमिलायड पैदा होते हैं।
वर्षावन में प्राणिजात की प्रचुरता होती है। टूकन, गुंजन पक्षी, रंगीन पक्षत्ति वाले पक्षी एवं
भोजन के लिए बड़ी चोंच वाले विभिन्न प्रकार के पक्षी जो भारत में पाए जाने वाले
सामान्य पक्षियों से भिन्न होते हैं यहाँ पाए जाते हैं। प्राणियों में बंदर, स्लॉथ एवं चीटी खाने वाले
टैपौर भी यहाँ पाए जाते हैं। साँप एवं सरीसर्प की विभिन्न प्रजातियाँ भी इन वनों
में पाई जाती हैं। मगर, साँप, अजगर तथा एनाकोंडा एवं बोआ कुछ
ऐसी ही प्रजातियाँ हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त हजारों कीड़े – मकोई भी इस बेसिन में निवास
करते हैं। मांस खाने वाली पिरान्या मत्स्य समेत मछलियों की विभिन्न प्रजातियाँ भी
अमेजन नदी में पाई जाती है। इस प्रकार जीवों की विविधता की दृष्टि से यह बेसिन
असाधारण रूप से समृद्ध है।
(घ) गंगा नदी के तट पर कौन से
प्रमुख शहर स्थित हैं ?
उत्तर :- आबादी वाले शहर गंगा नदी के तट
पर स्थित है। यहाँ बढ़े शहर एवं कस्बे स्थित है जिसमें हरिद्वार, इलाहबाद, कानपुर, वाराणसी, लखनऊ,पटना शामिल है।
(ड़) एक सींग वाले गैंडे कहाँ
पाए जाते है ?
उत्तर:- एक सींग वाले गैंडे
ब्रह्मपुत्र के मैदानों में पाया जाता है।
2. सही ( √
) उत्तर चिह्नित कीजिए:-
(क) टूकन क्या हैं ?
(i) पक्षी
(ii) पशु (iii) फसलें
उत्तर :- पक्षी
(ख) मैनियाँक कहाँ का प्रमुख
भोजन है ?
(i)
गंगा
बेसिन
(ii) अफ्रीका (iii) अमेज़न
उत्तर :- आइज़न
(ग) कोलकाता किस नदी के तट पर
स्थित है ?
(i)
ऑरेंज (ii) हुगली (iii) भागीरथी
उत्तर :- हुगली
(घ) देवदार एवं फ़र किसके
प्रकार है ?
(i)
शंकुधारी
वृक्ष (ii)
पर्णपाती
वृक्ष
(iii) क्षूप
उत्तर :- शंकुधारी वृक्ष
(ड़) बंगाल टाईगर कहाँ मिलते
हैं ?
(i)
पर्वतों
में (ii)
डेल्टा
क्षेत्रों में (iii) अमेज़न में
उत्तर :- डेल्टा क्षेत्रों में
3. निम्नलिखित स्तंभों को मिलाकर
सही जोड़े बनाइए :-
(क) सूती कपड़े (i)
असम
(ख) मलोका
(ii) वैदिका
कृषि
(ग) पिरान्या (iii)
रेशम
कीटपालन
(घ) रेशम कीट (iv)
ढालू छत
(ड़) काजीरंगा
(v) गंगा के
मैदान
(च) वाराणसी (vi)
मत्स्य
उत्तर:-
(क) सूती कपड़े
(v) गंगा के
मैदान
(ख) मलोका
(iv) ढालू छत
(ग) पिरान्या
(vi) मत्स्य
(घ) रेशम कीट (iii)
रेशम
कीटपालन
(ड़) काजीरंगा
(i) असम
(च) वाराणसी
(ii) वैदिका
कृषि
4. कारण बताइए :-
(क) वर्षावन लुप्त हो रहे हैं ।
उत्तर :- वर्षावन अमेज़न बेसिन में पाए
जाते हैं। अमेजन बेसिन के लोगों का जीवन धीरे – धीरे बदल रहा है। पुराने समय
में वन के अंदर पहुँचने के लिए नदी मार्ग ही एकमात्र उपाय था। 1970 में ट्रांस अमेज़न महामार्ग
बनने से वर्षावन के सभी भागों तक पहुँचना संभव हो गया। अनेक स्थानों पर पहुँचने के
लिए हवाईजहाजों तथा हेलीकॉप्टरों का उपयोग किया जाता है। इस प्रक्रिया के फलस्वरूप
वहाँ की मूल आबादी को उस क्षेत्र से बाहर निकलकर नए क्षेत्र में बसना पड़ा, जहाँ वे अपने पौराणिक तरीके से
खेती करते रहे। विकास की गतिविधियों के कारण जैविक विविधता वाले वर्षावन धीरे – धीरे नष्ट हो रहे हैं , ऐसा अनुमान है कि प्रतिवर्ष
अमेज़न बेसिन के वर्षावन का बड़ा भाग लुप्त होता जा रहा है।
(ख) गंगा –
ब्रह्मपुत्र के मैदानों में धान की कृषि
होती है।
उत्तर :- यहाँ की मिट्टी उपजाऊ है। जिन
स्थानों पर फसल उगाने के लिए समतल भूमि उपलब्ध है वहाँ के लोगों का मुख्य व्यवसाय
कृषि है। धान यहाँ की मुख्य फसल है क्योंकि धान की खेती के लिए पर्याप्त जल की
आवश्यकता होती है, यह उसी क्षेत्र में उगाया जाता है जहाँ अधिक वर्षा होती हैं।
यहाँ उगायी जाने वाली अन्य फसलें गेहूँ, मक्का, ज्वार, चना एवं बाजरा हैं। गन्ना एवं
जूट जैसी नगदी फसलें भी उगायी जाती हैं। मैदान के कुछ क्षेत्रों में केले के बागान
भी देखे जाते हैं।
5. मानचित्र कौशल :-
(क) भारतीय प्रायद्वीप के रेखा
मानचित्र पर गंगा, ब्रह्मपुत्र
नदियों को उद्गम से मुहाने तक दर्शाए। दोनों नदियों की महत्वपूर्ण सहायक नदियों को
भी दर्शाएं।
उत्तर:-Make a River Map
(ख) दक्षिण अमेरिका के राजनीतिक
मानचित्र पर भूमध्य रेखा खींचें । उन देशो को चिह्नित करें जहाँ से भूमध्य रेखा
गुजरती है।
उत्तर:-Make a Map
Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions (The
Tropical and the Subtropical Region)
1. Answer the following questions briefly:
1.
Name the
continent in which the Amazon Basin in located.
2.
What are
the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin?
3.
Name the
birds that you are likely to find in the rain forests of the Amazon.
4.
What are
the major cities located on the river Ganga?
5.
Where are
the one-homed rhinoceros found?
Answer:
1.
South America.
2.
Crops are
grown by the people of Amazon Basin:
·
Tapioca
·
Pineapple
·
Sweet-potatoes
·
Cassava (manioc)
·
Maize, coffee, and cocoa are other
important crops.
Birds:
·
Toucans
·
Humming Birds
·
Bird of paradise with their
brilliantly coloured plumage, oversized bills.
Major
Cities located on the banks of River Ganga:
·
Dev Prayag
·
Rishikesh
·
Haridwar
·
Kanpur
·
Allahabad
·
Varanasi
·
Patna
In Assam.
2. Tick the correct answer:
(a) Toucans are a type of
(i)
birds
(ii) animals (iii) crops.
(b) Manioc is the staple food of
(i) Ganga
Basin
(ii) Africa (iii) Amazon.
(c) Kolkata is located on the river
(i)
Orange
(ii) Hooghly (iii) Bhagirathi.
(d) Deodars and firs are a type of
(i) Coniferous
trees (ii)
Deciduous trees (iii) Shrubs.
(e) Bengal tiger is found in
(i)
Mountains
(ii) Delta area (iii) Amazon.
Answer: (a)-(i), (b)—(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)—(i), (e)—(ii).
3. Match the following:
(i) Cotton textile (a) Assam
(ii) Maloca (b) Terrace farming
(iii) Piranha (c) Sericulture
(iv) Silk worm (d) Slanting roof
(v) Kaziranga (e) Ganga plain
(f) Varanasi (g)Fish
Answer: (i)—(f), (ii)—(d), (iii)—(g), (iv)—(c),(v)—(a)
4. Give reasons:
1.
The rainforests
are depleting.
2.
Paddy is
grown in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains.
Answer:
1.
The
Rainforests are depleting because of the following reasons:
·
Developmental activities have been
started in a big way, resulting in the cutting of rainforests for various purposes.
·
The indigenous population has been
pushed out who practiced conservation activities of forests and wildlife.
·
Industries are being set up after
clearing the forests.
·
Lumbering has developed.
·
Topsoil is washed away during rains
and lush green forests turn into barren lands.
Paddy is
grown in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains because of the following:
·
Deep loamy soil is found in these
plains due to the deposition of silt by the rivers for thousands of years.
·
Rivers in floods spread a new layer
of alluvial every year. Hence it does not require manuring.
·
Canals from rivers supply ample
water for irrigation of paddy fields during the dry season.
·
The lower portion of the plains
receives adequate rainfall.
·
Cheap labour is available from the
densely populated plains.
·
Means of transportation are
developed to raise the movement of paddy and rice to the nearby markets.
·
New technologies are being adopted
by the farmers because they can afford it due – to their sound financial
position.
5. Map skills.
(i) Art an outline map of the Indian sub-continent, draw the rivers Ganga
and Brahmaputra from the source to the mouth Also show the important
tributaries of both the rivers.
(ii) On the political map of South America, draw the equator. Mark the
countries through which the equator passes.
Answer:
6. For fun:
Make a collage to show places of attractions in India You can divide the
class into different groups to show attractions based on mountain landscapes,
coastal beaches, wildlife sanctuaries, and places of historical importance.
Ans. Attempt yourself.
7. Activity
Collect under mentioned material and observe how the destruction of trees
affects the soil cover.
Material
(i) Three small flowerpots or food cans (e.g,, cold drinks tin cans),
(ii) One big can with holes punched in the bottom (this will act as a
sprinkling can),
(iii) twelve coins or bottle caps
(iv) Soil.
Steps
Take three small cans or pots. Fill them with soil till the top. Press the soil
to make it level with the top of the can. Now put four coins or bottle caps on
the soil of each can. Take the big can that has been punched with holes and
fill it with water. You can also take the sprinkling can from your garden. Now,
sprinkle water on the three cans. On the first can sprinkle water veiy slowly
so that no soil splashes out. Let moderate amount of water be sprinkled on the
second can. On the third can, sprinkle the water heavily. You will observe that
unprotected soil splashes out. Where the ‘rain’ is heavy the amount of soil
that splashes out is the maximum and least in case of the first can. The coins
or caps represent the tree covers. It is clear that if the land is cleared
completely of the vegetation, the soil cover will quickly disappear.
Answer: Students are suggested to do this activity themselves under
the guidance of their parents/guardians.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. What type of vegetation grows in the Amazon forest?
Answer: Only shade tolerant vegetation grow here.
2. Name the animals Found in the Amazon forest.
Answer: Monkeys, sloth and ant-eating tapirs.
3. What do men and women of the
rainforest do?
Answer: Men hunt and fish along the rivers and women take care of
the crops.
4. What do the people of the
rainforest grow?
Answer: They grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato.
5. Name the cash crops that people
of the rainforest grow.
Answer: Coffee, maize and cocoa.
6. What is the population density of
West Bengal and Bihar? .
Answer: The populations density of west Bengal is 904 and that of
Bihar is 880.
7. What is susu? What does its presence
indicate?
Answer: In the fresh water of River Ganga and River Brahmaputra, a
variety of dolphin is found which is locally known as susu. Its presence
indicates the health of the river.
8. How and why are terraces
built?
[V. Imp.]
Answer: Tarraces are built on steep slopes to create flat surfaces
on which crops are grown.
9. By what names is the river
Brahmaputra known in different places.
Answer: Meghna, Padma, Dehang, Debang, Yamuna, etc.
10. What leads to the pollution of
the rivers? [V.
Imp.]
Answer: The wastewater from these towns and industries is
discharged into the rivers. This leads to the pollution of the rivers.
11. Name the river on which Tcy
Mahal is situated?
Answer: River Yamuna.
12. Name the cash crops grown in the
Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.
Answer: Sugarcane and jute.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Write a short note on the climate
of the Amazon Basin.
Answer: The climate of the Amazon Basin is characterised by hot and
wet climate throughout the year. Both day and night and almost equally hot and
humid. It rains almost everyday. The day temperatures are high with very high
humidity. At night the temperature goes down but the humidity remains high.
2. What do you know about the
location of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin? Mention the climate of this Basin.
Answer: The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin lies in the sub-tropical region
that is situated between 10°N to 30°N latitudes. The tributaries of river Ganga
such as the Ghaghra, the son, the Chambal, the Gandak, the Kosi and the tributaries
of Brahmaputra drain it.
The area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra
Basin is dominated by the monsoon climate. The monsoon brings rains from
mid-June to mid-September. The summers are hot and the winters are cool.
3. The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin has
varied topography. How does it affect the distribution of population
there? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The basin area has a varied topography. As a result, the
distribution of the population is not even everywhere in the area. The mountain
areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain. Therefore less number of
people live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. The plain area
provides the most suitable land for human habitation. Therefore, the density of
the population of the plains is very high.
4. What is the main activity of the
people of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin? Give an account of it.
Answer: The main activity of the people of the Ganga-Brahmaputra
Basin is agriculture. Paddy is the main crop here. Other crops grown here are
wheat, maize, sorgham gram and millets. Cash crops like sugarcane and jute are
also grown. Banana plantations are seen in some areas in the plain. In the West
Bengal and Assam tea is grown in plantations. Silk is produced through the
cultivation of silkworms in parts of Bihar and Assam. In the mountains and
hills, where the slopes are gentle crops are grown on terraces.
5. How can you say that the life of
the people of the Amazon basin is changing?[Imp.]
Answer: Time is moving ahead very fast. This has resulted in the
change of the life style of the people everywhere. The life of the people of
the Amazon basin is also changing, though not at fast speed. In the old days it
was difficult to reach the heart of the forest. In 1970 the Trans Amazon
highway made all parts of the rain forest accessible. Aircrafts and helicopters
are also used for reaching various places. The indigenous populations was
pushed out from the area and forced to settle in new areas.
6. What do you know about the
wildlife of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin is rich in wildlife. A variety
of animals are found here. Elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys are common. The
one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain. In the delta region,
Bengal tiger, crocodiles and alligator are found. Acquatic life abounds in the
fresh river waters, the lakes and the Bay of Bengal Sea. Popular varieties to
fish such as catla, rohu and hilsa can be found here.
7. How is tourism an important
activity in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin?
Answer: The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain has several big towns and
cities, such as Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata. All
these places are important from tourism point of view. Taj Mahal on the bank of
river Yamuna in Agra is a famous tourist place. Allahabad is situated on the
confluence of the river Ganga and Yamuna. Several people visit this place
everyday to have a holy dip in it. Buddhist stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,
Lucknow with its Imambara, Assam with Kaziranga and Manas with wildlife
sanctuaries are some other places in the basin where people from different
parts of the country and abroad go with great enthusiasm.
LONG ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS
1. How is the rainforest of the
Amazon basin rich infauna?
Answer: The rainforest of the Amazon basin is very rich in fauna. A
variety of birds such as toucans, hummingbirds, birds of paradise with their
brilliantly coloured. Plumage and oversized bills for eating are found here.
These birds also make loud sounds in
the forests. Animals like monkeys, sloth, and ant-eating tapirs are found here.
Various species of reptiles and snakes also thrive in these jungles. A number
of crocodiles, snakes, and pythons are also found here. Anaconda and boa
constrictor are some of the species. The basin is also the home to thousands of
species of insects. Several species of fishes including the flesh-eating
Piranha fish is also found in the river.
2. What do you know about the people
of the rainforest? [V- Imp.]
Answer: The people of the Amazon basin practise slash and bum
agriculture. They grow most of their food in small areas after clearing some
trees in the forest. Men hunt and fish along the rivers and women take care of
the crops. They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato. As hunting and
fishing are uncertain it is the women who support the family. They feed them
the vegetables that they grow. Their staple food is manioc, also known as
cassava that grows under the ground like a potato. They also eat queen ants and
egg sacs. Cash crops like coffee, maize, and cocoa are also grown.
People get wood for their houses
from the rainforests. They build thatched houses shaped like beehives. There
are also malocas there which are large apartmentlike houses with a steeply
slanting roof.
The Amazon basin is developing day
by day. In 1970 the trans-Amazon highway made all parts of the rainforest
accessible. With the change of time, people’s lifestyle is also changing
gradually.
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