विषय : सामाजिक विज्ञान (इतिहास हमारे
अतीत -2)
अध्याय
:-3 (दिल्ली
के सुल्तान)
फिर से
याद करे:-
1. दिल्ली
में पहले- पहल किसने राजधानी स्थापित की ?
उत्तर:- तोमर राजपूतो ने पहले – पहल दिल्ली में राजधानी
स्थापित की। बारहवीं सदीं के मध्य में तोमरो को अजमेर के चौहानों ( जिन्हें चाहमान
नाम से भी जाना जाता है) ने परास्त किया। तोमरो और चौहानों के राज्यकाल में ही
दिल्ली वाणिज्य का एक महत्वपूर्ण केंद्र बन गया।
2.
दिल्ली के सुलतानों के शासनकाल में
प्रशासन की भाषा क्या थी ?
उत्तर:- दिल्ली के सुलतानों के शासनकाल
में प्रशासन की भाषा फ़ारसी थी। उस समय त्वारीख के लेखक, सचिव, प्रशासक, कवि और दरबारियों जैसे
सुशिक्षित व्यक्ति होते थे जो घटनाओ का वर्णन भी करते थे और शासको को प्रशासन
संबंधी सलाह भी देते थे।
3.
किसके शासन के दौरान सल्तनत का सबसे अधिक
विस्तार हुआ ?
उत्तर
:- सल्तनत का सबसे अधिक विस्तार
अलाउद्दीन खिलजी और मुहमद तुगलक के शासन के दौरान हुआ। इस समय बहुत सारी चुनौतियो
का सामना करना पड़ता था। इन चुनौतियो के चलते सल्तनत बड़ी मुश्किल से शासन काल को
बचाए हुई थी।
4.
इब्न बतूता किस देश से भारत में आया था ?
उत्तर
:- इब्न बत्तूता मोरक्को (उत्तर
अफ्रीका) देश का यात्री था। इब्न बत्तूता की इच्छा बचपन से ही मुसलमानो के धार्मिक
स्थलों को देखने की रही और यही कारण बना की वो मुसलामानों में से सबसे महान यात्री
था। इब्न बत्तूता तुगलक वंश के शासक मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक (1325-1351 ईस्वी) के शासनकाल में भारत
आया था।
आइए
समझे:-
5.
’न्याय चक्र के अनुसार सेनापतियों के लिए
किसानों के हितों का ध्यान रखना क्यों जरूरी था ?
उत्तर:- तेरहवीं सदीं के इतिहासकार फ़ख
ए मुदब्बीर ने लिखा था कि न्याय चक्र के अनुसार सेनापतियों के लिए किसानों
के हितों का ध्यान रखना इसलिए जरुरी था क्योंकि वेतन आता है किसानों से एकत्रित
किये गए राजस्व से और किसान भी राजस्व तभी चुका सकते थे जब वे खुशहाल और प्रसन्न
हों। और ऐसा तभी हो सकता है जब राजा ईमानदार और न्याय प्रशासन को बढ़ावा दे। इसलिए
सेनानायक किसानों को सुरक्षा और संरक्षण प्रदान करते थे। संपन्न किसान भूमि कर
देते थे। इन करों से ही सेना को वेतन मिलता था।
6.
सल्तनत की भीतरी और बाहरी सीमा से आप क्या
समझते हैं ?
उत्तर:- सल्तनत की भीतरी सीमाओं से
अभिप्राय यह है कि गैरिसन शहरो की पृष्टभूमि में स्थित भीतरी क्षेत्रों की स्थिति
को मजबूत करना। ये गंगा – यमुना के दोआब से जंगलों तक
फैले हुए थे। व्यापार मार्गो की सुरक्षा और क्षेत्रीय व्यापार की उन्नति के खातिर
नए किले,
गैरिसन
शहर बनाए और बसाए गए। सल्तनत की बाहरी सीमा से अभिप्राय उस क्षेत्र से था जो दिल्ली से बहुत दूर अर्थात
दक्षिण भारत में पड़ता था। यह अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के शासनकाल में दक्षिण भारत को
लक्ष्य करके सैनिक अभियान शुरू करने के लिए बनाए गये थे।
7.
मुक्ति अपने
कर्तव्यों का पालन करें, यह
सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कौन-कौन से कदम उठाए गए थे?
आपके विचार में सुलतान के आदेशों का
उल्लंघन करना चाहने के पीछे उनके क्या कारण हो सकते थे ?
उत्तर
:- मुक्ति अपने कर्तव्यों का पालन
करे यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए निम्नलिखित कदम उठाए गए थे जो कि इस प्रकार है:-
मुक्ति लोगों द्वारा एकत्रित किए गए राजस्व की रकम का हिसाब लेने के लिए
राज्य द्वारा लेखा अधिकारी नियुक्त किए जाते थे। इस बात का भी ध्यान रखा जाता था
कि मुक्ति राज्य द्वारा निर्धारित कर ही वसूले और तय संख्या के अनुसार सैनिक रखे।
मुक्ति लोगों पर काबू रखने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका यह था कि उनका पद वंश परम्परा से
न चलें और इन्हें कोई भी इक्ता थोड़े थोड़े समय के लिए ही मिले जिसके बाद उनका
स्थानान्तरण कर दिया जाए। मुक्ति लोग सुलतान के आदेशों की अवहेलना करते थे। धन तथा
सैन्य संचालन मुक्ति लोगों के हाथ में होता था। इसी कारण मुक्ति लोग सुलतान के
आदेशों का उल्लंघन करते थे।
8.
दिल्ली सल्तनत पर मंगोल आक्रमणों का क्या
प्रभाव पड़ा ?
उत्तर
:- दिल्ली सल्तनत पर जैसे ही
मंगोलों के धावे बढ़ गए, इससे मजबूर होकर दोनों
सुल्तानों को
स्थानीय
विशाल सेना खड़ी करनी पड़ी। अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने अपने सैनिको के लिए सीरी नामक एक
नया गैरिसन शहर बनाया। मुहम्मद तुगलक ने अपने सैनिको के लिए दिल्ली के चार शहरो
में से सबसे पुराने शहर देहली – ए – कुहना में जगह बनवाई। सैनिको
के खाने के लिए उन्होंने किसानों की पैदावार का 50 प्रतिशत हिस्सा कर के तौर पर
तय कर दिया था। सैनिकों को इक्ता के स्थान पर नकद वेतन देने का तय किया।
व्यापारियों द्वारा दी जाने वाली चीजो की कीमतो को नियंत्रित किया ताकि वे अपने
सैनिको की सभी आवशकताएं पूरी कर सके। लेकिन मुहम्मद तुगलक ने आज की मुद्रा की तरह
कुछ टोकन चलाए जो कि नकली भी आसानी से बनाए जा सकते थे। अलाउद्दीन ख़लजी के
प्रशासनिक कदम सफल रहे और मंगोल आक्रमण में जीता भी लेकिन मुहम्मद तुगलक हार गया
और उसे अपनी सेना भंग करनी पड़ी।
आइए
विचार करे:-
9.
क्या आपकी समझ में तवारीख के लेखक,
आम जनता की जीवन के बारे में कोई जानकारी
देते हैं ?
उत्तर:- तवारीख के लेखक आम जनता के
जीवन के बारे में कोई जानकारी नहीं देते होंगे क्योंकि ये सिर्फ अपने इतिहास के
सुल्तानों के लिए लिखते थे। ताकि उन्हें ढ़ेर सारा इनाम मिल सके। ये लेखक अकसर
शासको को जन्मसिध् अधिकार और लिंग भेद पर आधारित आदर्श समाज व्यवस्था बनाए रखने की
सलाह देते थे। जिसमें कई लोग उनके विचारों से सहमत नहीं होते थे। और ये विशेषकर
दिल्ली में रहते थे जहाँ ज्यादातर ऊचे घरानो से उनकी
मुलाकात होती जहा उन्हें इनाम मिले और आम लोगों इनके विचारों को मानते नहीं थे।
इसलिए इन्होंने आम जनता के बारे में कोई जानकारी नहीं दी।
10.
दिल्ली सल्तनत के इतिहास में रजिया
सुल्तान अपने ढंग की एक ही थीं। क्या आपको लगता है कि आज महिला नेताओं को ज्यादा
आसानी से स्वीकार किया जाता है ?
उत्तर:- सन 1236 में सुल्तान इल्तुमिश की बेटी
रजिया सुलतान सिंघासन पर बैठी थी। उस युग के इतिहासकार मिनाज मिन्हाज – ए – सिराज ने स्वीकार किया कि वह
अपने सभी भाइयों से योग्य और सक्षम थी लेकिन फिर भी वह एक शासक के रूप में उन्हें
मान्यता नहीं दे पा रहा था। दरबारी जन भी उनके स्वतन्त्र रूप से शासन करने को
प्रसन्न नहीं थे। इसलिए उन्हें सन 1240 में शासन से हटा दिया गया था।
लेकिन आज के समय में ऐसी स्थिति नहीं है। आजकल महिलाएं हर क्षेत्र में विकास कर
रही है। महिलाएं बहुत से देशों की प्रधानमंत्री तथा राष्ट्रपति पद पर महिलाएं
कार्य कर रही है, और उनके निर्णयो को स्वीकृत भी किया जाता है। उनको नेताओं की
दुनिया में आने के लिए किसी भी प्रकार का कोई भेदभाव या विद्रोह का सामना नहीं
करना पड़ता।
11.
दिल्ली के सुल्तान जंगलो को क्यों कटवा
देना चाहते थे? क्या आज
भी जंगल उन्हीं कारणों से काटे जा रहे है ?
उत्तर:- दिल्ली के सुल्तान जंगलों को
कटवा कर कृषि भूमि को बढ़ाना चाहते थे। वे कृषि भूमि को बढ़ाकर अपना राजस्व बढ़ाना
चाहते थे। व्यापार मार्गों की सुरक्षा तथा क्षेत्रीय व्यापार की उन्नति के लिए भी
जंगलों को साफ करवाना चाहते थे। आज निम्नलिखित कारणों से जंगल साफ किए जा रहे है।
सड़को के निर्माण के लिए। कृषि योग्य भूमि प्राप्त करने के लिए। लकड़ी प्राप्त
करने के लिए। घर , प्राइवेट, सरकरी कार्यालय बनाने के लिए।
आइए
करके देखें:-
12.
पता लगाइए कि आपके इलाके में दिल्ली के
सुल्तानों द्वारा बनवाई गई कोई इमारत है ?
क्या आपके इलाके में और भी कोई ऐसी इमारत
है जो 12वीं से 15
वीं सदी के बीच बनाई गई हो?
इनमें से कुछ इमारतों का वर्णन कीजिए और
उनके रेखाचित्र बनाइए ।
उत्तर
:- दिल्ली के सुल्तानों द्वारा
बनाई गई ऐसी कई इमारते है। जैसे:- अढ़ाई दिन का झोपडा , इल्तुमिश का मकबरा, जमातखाना मस्जिद, जहापनाह नगर। इनमें से सबसे
प्रसिद्ध कुतुबमीनार जो अभी भी हम देखने जा सकते है। और इसका निर्माण 13वीं सदी के बीच हुआ था।
कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक ने इसका निर्माण शेख ख्वाजा कुतुबुद्दीन बख्तियार काकी की याद में
शुरू करवाया था। लेकिन सिर्फ एक ही मंजिल का निर्माण करवा पाए। बाकी का निर्माण
इल्तुतमिश ने करवाया। यह ईटों से बनी विश्व की सबसे अधिक ऊची मीनार है।
Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans
1. Which ruler first established his or her
capital at Delhi?
Answer: The Tomara Rajputs were the first rulers who established
their capital at Delhi.
2. What was the language of administration
under the Delhi Sultans?
Answer: It was Persian.
3. In whose reign did
the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?
Answer: The Sultanate
reached its farthest extent during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq.
4. From which country
did Ibn Battuta travel to India?
Answer: Ibn Battuta
belonged to Morocco, Africa and travelled to India.
5. According to the
‘circle of justice’ why was it important for military commanders to keep the
interests of the peasantry in mind?
Answer:
According to the ‘circle of justice’ it was important for
military commanders to keep the interest of peasantry in mind. As is clear from
the following:
1.
A king survived on soldiers.
2.
Soldiers worked for salaries.
3.
Salaries came from revenue collected
from peasants.
4.
Peasant would pay revenue when they are
prosperous and happy. This in turn will happen when there is justice and honest
governance.
6. What is meant by
the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ frontiers of the Sultanate?
Answer: The ‘internal’
frontier means the hinterland of the garrison town.
The ‘external’ frontier means the areas beyond the hinterland of the garrison
towns.
7. What were the
steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they
may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?
Answer:
Steps taken to ensure that the muqtis performed their duties
well:
1.
Appointment of accountants to check the
amount collected by the muqtis.
2.
Collection of revenues only which were
prescribed by the state, not more than that in any circumstances.
3.
Fixation of limit to keep the required
number of soldiers.
4.
They might be shifted to another area.
5.
The muqtis may have wanted to defy the
orders of the Sultans because restrictions imposed on them were very rigorous.
6.
Their appointment was temporary.
8. What was the impact
of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?Ans. The Delhi Sultanate
mobilised a large standing army in Delhi. It posed a big administrative
challenge.
Answer:
·
Alauddin Khalji constructed a new
garrison town at Siri for his soldiers. He imposed taxes on land to feed the
army at the rate of 50 percent of peasant’s yield. He began to pay the soldiers
in cash.
·
Muhammad Tughluq shifted people of Delhi
to Daulatabad in south and thus converted Delhi into a garrison town. He also
disbanded the army. He also paid the soldiers in cash.
9. Do you think the
authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men
and women?
Answer: I don’t think
like that. It is because the authors of tawarikh lived in cities mainly Delhi.
They were not in touch of village people. They often wrote their histories for
Sultans in the hope of rich rewards. They had nothing to do with common mass.
Hence, it was obvious that the information provided by them would lack ordinary
men and women.
10. Raziyya
Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think women
leaders are accepted more readily today?
Answer:
We think that even today women leaders are not accepted more
readily. We can see this in respect of 33% reservation of women in parliament.
11. Why were the Delhi
Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation occur for the
same reasons today?
Answer:
The Delhi Sultans were interested in cutting down forests to
expand their kingdom which was till then restricted to the Delhi Sultanate.
No,
deforestation does not occur for the same reasons today. Today it occurs for
additional land for habitation, road expansion, road construction, industries,
and urbanization.
12. Find out whether
there are many buildings built by the Delhi Sultans in your area. Are there any
other buildings in your area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth
centuries? Describe some of these buildings, and draw sketches of them.
Answer:
Yes, there are several. Some of them are Buildings built
between 12th and 15th century
·
Jamali-Kamali Mosque.
·
Sirifort.
·
Begumpuri Mosque.
·
Moth Ki Masjid.
·
Raziyya’s Tomb.
·
Qutb Minar.
·
Tugalakabad Fort
·
Firuz Shah Kotla
·
Purana Quila .
Sketches: Do this
yourself.
Other
Buildings
• Lai Quila, Jama
Masjid.
Very Short Answer Type
Questions
1. Who defeated the
Tomara Rajputs and when?
Answer: The Chauhans of
Ajmer defeated the Tomara Rajputs in the middle of the 12th century.
2. When did the Delhi
Sultanate lag its foundation?
Answer: The Delhi
Sultanate laid its foundation in the beginning of the thirteenth century.
3. Name the five
dynasties that together made the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
·
Early Turkish rulers (1206—1290)
·
Khalji dynasty (1290—1320)
·
Tughluq dynasty (1320—1414)
·
Sayyid dynasty (1414—1451)
·
Lodi dynasty (1451—1526).
4. Mention the sources
that provide a lot of information about the Delhi Sultans.[V. Imp.]
Answer: Inscriptions,
coins, architecture and history written in Persian by learned authors are some
of the most important sources that provide a lot of information about the Delhi
Sultans.
5. Why did the authors
of tawarikh write their histories for Sultans?
Answer: They did so in
the hope of rich rewards.
6. Why was Raziyya
removed from the throne? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Being a woman
ruler she was not favoured by anyone. She ruled just for four years and was
finally dethroned in 1240.
7. What is a mosque
called in Arabic?
Answer: It is called a
masjid.
8. What is the literal
meaning of mosque?
Answer: It refers to a
place where a Muslim prostrates in reverence to Allah.
9. What is called the
qibla?
Answer: The direction
towards which Muslims turn while offering prayer or namaz.
10. Why did the early
Delhi Sultans favour their slaves?
Answer: The slaves were
totally dependent on their master. Therefore the Sultan could trust and rely
upon them.
11. What was the duty
of the muqtis?
Answer: The duly of the
muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their
iqtas.
12. Why were
accountants appointed by the state?
Answer: They were
appointed to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis.
13. Why did the
authors of Persian tawarikh criticise the Delhi Sultans? [Imp.]
Answer: They did not
like the Sultanate’s policy of appointing the ‘low and base-born’ to high
offices.
14. Name the three
types of taxes collected during the Sultanate period.
Answer:
1.
1. Tax on cultivation called Kharcy and
amounting to about 50% of the peasant’s yield.
2.
Tax on cattle
3.
Tax on houses.
15. For how many years
the Suri dynasty rule?
Answer: The Suri
dynasty ruled for only 15 years.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Who were the
authors of tawarikh? Write in brief about them. [Imp.]
Answer: The authors of
tawarikh were learned men. They were secretaries, administrators, poets and
courtiers who recounted events as well as advised rulers on governance,
emphasising the importance of just rule. The authors of tawarikh lived in
cities mainly in Delhi and therefore they were cut off from the village. They
used to write histories in praise of the Sultans and in return got rich
rewards. These authors advised rulers that they should follow an ideal social
order based on birthright and gender distinctions. Common mass had nothing to
do with their ideas.
2. Who was Raziyya?
Why was she not accepted as a Sultan inspite of being talented? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Raziyya was
Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter. She became Sultan in 1236. She was very talented.
According to the chronicler of the age, Minhaj-i-Siraj, she was more able and
qualified than all her brothers. But she was not accepted when she became a
ruler. Those were the days when women were not allowed to enjoy independent
identity. They were supposed to be subordinate to men. This led to her removal
from the throne in 1240.
3. What were the four
stages in the making of a manuscript?
Answer:
The four stages in the making of a manuscript are:
·
Preparing the paper
·
Writing the text
·
Melting gold to highlight important
words and passages
·
Preparing the binding.
4. How did the Khaljis
and Tughluqs help the people of humble birth? How did it lead to political
instability?
Answer: The Khaljis and
Tughluqs raised people of humble birth who were often their clients, to high
political positions. They were appointed as generals and governors. However, this
also introduced an element of political instability. Slaves and clients, the
people of humble birth, were loyal to their masters and patrons but not to
their heirs. Now Sultans had their own servants. As a result the accession of a
new monarch often saw conflict between the old and the new nobility.
5. Why did large parts
of the subcontinent remain outside the control of the Delhi Sultans? What were
the repurcussions?
[V. Imp.]
Answer: Large parts of
the subcontinent remained outside the control of the Delhi Sultans because they
were very far from Delhi. For example, it was difficult to control Bengal from
Delhi. This helplessness of the Delhi Sultans paved the way for distant
provinces to get independence. Even in the Gangetic plain there were forested
areas that Sultanate forces could not penetrate. It was a golden opportunity
for the local chieftains to establish their rule in these regions.
6. How did the
chieftains arrange for their defence?
Answer: The chieftains
fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well
as in bamboo groves. The bamboo had unique features. It was strong and even
fire could not affect it because its several party were intertwined making them
very strong. The chieftains lived in these forests which served them as
rampart. They had everything necessary for life such as cattle, crops, water,
etc. inside the forests. Thus, they were safe. Only powerful armies could
subdue them.
7. Why did Alauddin
control the prices of goods in Delhi? What did he do for this?
Answer: Alauddin gave
great importance to his soldiers because it was they who could defend the
Sultanate from outsiders. He decided to pay their salaries in cash rather than
iqtas. The soldiers would buy their supplies from merchants in Delhi and it was
thus feared that merchants would raise their prices. To stop this, Alauddin
controlled the prices of goods in Delhi. For this Alauddin instructed officers
to carefully survey prices. The merchants who did not sell their goods at the
prescribed rates were punished.
8. Describe in brief
Tughluq’s policy of ‘token’ currency.
Answer: Tughluq did not
control prices of the goods. Instead, he used a token currency, made out of
cheap metals, and not of gold and silver. People in the 14th century did not believe
in these coins. They saved their gold and silver coins and paid all their taxes
to the state with this token currency. This cheap currency could be
counterfeited easily.
9 Who was Sher Shah
Sur? What do you know about his administration?[V. Imp.]
Answer: Sher Shah Sur
(1540—1545) established a powerful state. He started his career as the manager
of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and
defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Sher Shah captured Delhi and established
his own dynasty known as the Suri dynasty. Although the Suri dynasty ruled for
only a short period i.e. 15 years, it introduced an administration that
borrowed elements from Alauddin khalji and made them more efficient. The great
emperor Akbar followed the techniques of Sher Shah’s administration while
consolidating the Mughal Empire.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Give an account of
Alauddin’s administrative measures. [V. Imp.]
Answer: During the
reign of Alauddin Khalji Mongol attacks increased. It was a huge administrative
challenge for the Sultan. He introduced several administrative measures:
1.
Alauddin Khalji raised a large standing
army as a defensive measure.
2.
He constructed a new garrison town known
as Siri for his soldiers.
3.
The soldiers had to be fed. This was
done through the produce collected as tax from lands between the Ganga and
Yamuna. Tax was fixed at 50% of the pleasant’s produce.
4.
He paid his soldiers cash salaries
rather than iqta. This was done in order to make soldiers able to buy their
supplies from merchants in Delhi. It was feared that merchants would raise
their prices. In order to stop this Alauddin controlled the prices of goods in
Delhi. Prices were carefully surveyed by officers and merchants who did not sell
at the prescribed rates were punished.
Alauddin’s
administrative measures were successful because he efficiently withstood the
threat of Mongol attacks.
2. Give an account of
Muhammad Tughluq’s administration.
Answer: The early years
of Muhammad Tughluq’s reign faced Mongol attacks, which were curbed by
Tughluq’s sincere efforts.
1.
He took several administrative measures like Alauddin Khalji he also raised a
huge standing army in Delhi.
2.
He got emptied the oldest of the four cities of Delhi (Delhi-i Kunba) in order
to garrison his soldiers there. The residents of the old city were sent
to the new capital of Daulatabad in the south.
3.
He made arrangements for the collection of produce as tax to feed the soldiers.
As it was very difficult to maintain a large number of soldiers the
Sultan levied additional taxes which coincided with famine in the area.
4.
Muhammad Tughluq paid soldiers cash salaries. For this he introduced ‘token’
currency made of cheap metals. People in the 14th century did not trust these
coins. They saved their gold and silver coins and paid all their taxes to
the state with this token currency.
3. ‘Muhammad Tughluq’s
administrative measures were a failure’. Explain withexamples.
Answer:
Muhammad Tughluq’s administrative measures were a failure, we
can prove this statement with following points:
1.
He campaigned into Kashmir which was
finally a disaster. He then gave up his plans to invade Transoxiana and
disbanded his large army.
2.
His administrative measures created
problems. He shifted the residents of the old city to the new capital of
Daulatabad in the south. People did not like this step taken by Muhammad
Tughluq. They resented collectively.
3.
Tughluq, in order to meet the expense of
maintaining a large number of soldiers, levied additional taxes which increased
the burden of common people.
4.
The famine in the Ganga-Yamuna belt led
to widespread rebellion.
5.
Muhammad Tughluq’s policy of ‘token’
currency also proved a failure. People of the 14th century did not trust this
currency. They were very smart. They saved their gold and silver coins and paid
all their taxes to the state with the token currency. This cheap currency could
also be counterfeited easily.
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