विषय :
सामाजिक विज्ञान (इतिहास हमारे अतीत -2)
अध्याय :-5 (शासक और इमारतें)
फिर से याद करें :-
1.
वास्तुकला का अनुप्रस्थ टोडा निर्माण सिद्धांत चापाकार
सिद्धांत से किस तरह भिन्न है ?
उत्तर :- अनुप्रस्थ टोड़ा :- इसमें छत, दरवाजे और खिड़कियां दो
ऊध्र्वाधर खम्भों के आर पार एक अनुप्रस्थ शहतीर रखकर बनाए जाते थे। इसमें चाप बीच
से नौकादार था। वास्तुकला की यह शैली ‘अनुप्रस्थ टोड़ा निर्माण’ कहलाई जाती थी। आठवीं से तेरहवीं शताब्दी के बीच
मंदिरों, मस्जिदों, मकबरों जैसे भवनो के निर्माण में
इस शैली का प्रयोग हुआ था।
चापाकार सिद्धांत :- इसमें अधिचरना का भार मेहराबो
पर ढाला जाता था। इसमें चाप बीच से गोलाकार था। इसमें चापबन्द प्रस्तर को वास्तविक
चाप कहते है। वास्तुकला का यह चापाकार रूप था। इसमें चूना, पत्थर, सीमेंट का प्रयोग ज्यादा किया
जाता था। इसमें उच्च श्रेणी की सीमेंट होती थी जिसमें पत्थर के टुकड़े मिलाने से
कंकरीट बनती थी।
2. शिखर से आपका क्या तात्पर्य है
?
उत्तर :- मंदिर के ऊपर की गई अधिरचना
शिखर कहलाती है। अर्थात मंदिर के सबसे ऊपरी भाग को शिखर कहते है। यह बहुत ऊच्चा
होता है जिसे बनाने के लिए वास्तुकारों को चढ़ाई दार रास्ता बनाना पड़ता था।
क्योंकि उन दिनों कोई क्रेन नहीं होती थी। इसमें मंदिर के मुख्य देवी देवता की
मूर्ति की स्थापना की जाती थी।
3. पितरा –
दूरा क्या है ?
उत्तर :- यह एक वास्तुकला की शैली है।
इस शैली के अंतर्गत बादशाह के सिंहाशन के पीछे पितरा दूरा के जड़ाऊ नाम की एक
श्रृंख्ला बनाई गई थी जिसमें पौराणिक यूनानी देवता ऑर्फियस को वीणा बजाते हुए
चित्रित किया गया था। ऐसा माना जाता था कि ऑर्फियस का संगीत आक्रमक जानवरों को
शांत कर सकता है। इस शैली में संगमरमर अथवा बलुआ पत्थर पर रंगीन, ठोस पत्थरों को दबाकर सुंदर
तथा अलंकृत नमूने बनाए जाते थे ।
4. एक मुग़ल चारबाग की क्या खास
विशेषताएँ हैं ?
उत्तर :- मुगल चारबाग की खास विशेषताएँ
निम्नलिखित हैं:- इन बागों को चार समान भागों में बाटा जाता
था। यह बाग चार दीवारी से घिरे होते थे। इसके हर एक बाग़ में चार फूलों की
क्यारियाँ होती थी। इनको नहरों द्वारा चार भागों में विभाजित किया जाता था और ये
चार भाग- आयताकार अहाते में स्थित होते थे।
आइए समझे :-
5. किसी मंदिर से राजा की महत्ता की
सूचना कैसे मिलती थी ?
उत्तर :- किसी मंदिर से एक राजा की
महत्ता की सूचना इसलिए मिलती है क्योंकि राजा मंदिर का निर्माण अपनी शक्ति, धन- सम्पदा और ईश्वर के प्रति
निष्ठा दिखाने के लिए करवाते थे। धार्मिक अनुष्ठान के माध्यम से मंदिर में एक
देवता दूसरे देवता का सम्मान करता था। सभी विशालतम मंदिरों का निर्माण राजाओं ने
करवाया था। मंदिर के अन्य लघु देवता शासक और उसके सहयोगियो द्वारा शासित विश्व का
लघु रूप था। जिस तरह वे राजकीय मंदिरों में इकट्ठे होकर अपने देवताओं की उपासना
करते थे,
ऐसा
प्रतीत होता था मानो उन्होने देवताओं के न्यायप्रिय शासन को पृथ्वी पर ला दिया हो।
6. दिल्ली में शाहजहाँ के
दीवान-ए-खास में एक अभिलेख में कहा गया है अगर पृथ्वी पर कहीं स्वर्ग है तो यहीं
है, यहीं है,
यहीं है?”
यह धारणा कैसे बनी ?
उत्तर :- शाहजहाँ द्वारा यमुना नदी के
समीप लाल –
किला
बनवाया गया और लाल – किले के अन्दर दीवान – ए – खास। यह संगमरमर को बनी हुई
अद्भुत इमारत है , जिसमें कई तरह की नक्काशियाँ बना गई हैं। इसकी सुन्दरता को
देखते हुए ही दीवान – ए – खास में एक अभिलेख में यह कहा
गया हैं “
अगर
पृथ्वी पर कहीं स्वर्ग है। वह यहीं है, यहीं है, यहीं है । “
7. मुगल दरबार से इस बात का कैसे
संकेत मिलता था कि बादशाह कमज़ोर,धनी,
निर्धन शक्तिशाली,
सभी को समान न्याय मिलेगा ?
उत्तर :- बादशाह के सिंहासन के पीछे
पितरा दूरा के जड़ाऊ काम की एक श्रृंखला बनाई गई थी जिसमें पौराणिक यूनानी देवता
ऑर्फियस को वीणा बजाते हुए चित्रित किया गया था। ऐसा माना जाता था कि ऑर्फियस का संगीत
आक्रामक जानवरों को भी शांत कर सकता है और वे एक – दूसरे के साथ मिलजुल कर रह
सकते हैं। यह मूर्ति सूचित करती थी कि न्याय करते समय राज ऊँचे तथा नीचे , गरीब तथा अमीर लोगों के साथ
समान व्यवहार करेगा और सभी सद्भाव के साथ रह सकेंगे।
8. शाहजहानाबाद में नए
मुग़ल शहर की योजना में यमुना नदी की क्या भूमिका थी ?
उत्तर :- शाहजहानाबाद में नए मुगल शहर
की योजना में यमुना नदी की भूमिका निम्नलिखित थी:- नए शहर को नदी के किनारे
बनाया गया था ताकि इस शहर को पीने के लिए पानी आसानी से मिल सके। केवल कुछ विशिष्ट
कृपा प्राप्त अभिजातों को ही नदी किनारे पर घर बनाने की अनुमति थी। यमुना नदी के
तटवर्ती भाग समतल थे ।
आइए विचार करें :-
9. आज धनी और शक्तिशाली लोग विशाल
घरों का निर्माण करवाते हैं। अतीत में राजाओं तथा उनके दरबारियों के निर्माण किन
मायनों में इनसे भिन्न थे ?
उत्तर :- आज भी धनी और शक्तिशाली लोग
बड़े बड़े घरों का निर्माण करवाते है लेकिन राजाओं और आम इंसानो के घर बनवाने के
तरीको में काफी अंतर होता है। राजा और उनके दरबारी जब घर बनवाते थे उसमें अलग अलग
प्रकार के डिज़ाइन, घर में अपनी पीढियो की मूर्तियां बनवाकर रखना, घरों को बनाने में बड़े बड़े
पत्थरो का प्रयोग करना क्योंकि वे लोग पहले द्वारा अपनाई गई शैलियां, वास्तुकला को ज्यादा अपनाते
थे। क्योंकि उस समय यही प्रचलित थे। लेकिन आज कल के लोग बड़े बड़े घर तो बनवाते है
लेकिन राजाओं के घरों की तुलना में ज्यादा बड़े नहीं होते। ना ही वे मूर्तियों का
प्रयोग करते है। राजा लोग अपने घर में ही स्तम्भ बनवाते थे। आज कल पहले वाले
साहित्य कलाओ,
शैली, वास्तुकला का प्रयोग नहीं
होता।
10. चित्र 4
पर नजर डालें। यह इमारत आज कैसे तेजी से
बनाई जा सकती है ?
उत्तर :- आज कल हर एक इमारत का निर्माण
तेजी से किया जा सकता है क्योंकि पहले के मुकाबले विज्ञान ने तरक्की कर ली है। नई – नई मशीनो का आविष्कार किया गया
है जिनका प्रयोग हम इमारत बनाने में कर सकते है। हमारे पास सभी उपकरण और बहुत सारे
मजदूर भी होते है जो अपना काम अच्छे तरीके से करें तो भी वे अपने काम में तेजी लाकर
इमारत जल्दी से बना सकते है।
आइए करके देखें :-
11. पता लगाएं
कि क्या आपके गांव या कस्बे में किसी महान व्यक्ति की कोई प्रतिमा अथवा स्मारक है ?
इसे वहां क्यों स्थापित किया गया था?
इसका प्रयोजन क्या है ?
उत्तर:-
हमारे शहर में अम्बेडकर चौक पर चाचा नेहरू अर्थात पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू जी की
मूर्ति है। बच्चे इनको प्यार से चाचा नेहरू कहकर पुकारते थे। ये देश के पहले
प्रधानमंत्री होने के साथ साथ भारत के निर्माता भी है। भारत को आज़ाद कराने में
इनका भी महत्वपूर्ण योगदान रहा है। नेहरू जी चाहते थे कि हमारा देश किसी के भी
दबाव में ना आए। अर्थात भारत देश की एक स्वतंत्र पहचान हो। नेहरू जी को बच्चों से
बेहद प्यार था। 14 नवंबर को बाल दिवस नेहरू जी की याद में ही बनाया जाता है। उनकी
प्रतिमा अभी भी यह पहचान और आजादी की याद दिलाने के लिए स्थापित की गई।
12. अपने
आसपास के किसी पार्क या बाग की सैर करके उसका वर्णन करें। किन मायनों में यह मुगल
बागों के सामान अथवा भिन्न है ?
उत्तर:- हमारे यहाँ के पार्क और बाग
मुग़ल बागों से भिन्न है। मुग़ल काल के बागों को चारबाग कहा जाता था। हर तरफ फूलों
की क्यारियाँ बनाई जाती थी। मुग़ल बाग सुंदर होते थे। बाग चार दीवारी से निर्मित
होते थे। उस समय बाग बहुत बड़ी और खुली जगह पर बनाए जाते थे। आज कल बाग बहुत कम भी
रह गए है और उनके लिए जगह भी थोड़ी सी होती है। अब के अपेक्षा पहले बागों की
देखभाल ज्यादा की जाती थी। बागों की देखभाल के लिए कोई अपनी जिम्मेदारी अच्छे से
नहीं निभाता। बच्चे अगर घूमने सैर करने के लिए आते है तो कोई फूलों के साथ खेल रहा
है कोई तोड़ देता है। ऐसा आजकल हर बाग में होता रहता है।
Chapter 5 Rulers And Buildings
1. How is the ‘trabeate’ principle of architecture different
from the arcuate?
Answer:
Trabeate principle of architecture is different from the arcuate principle
in the following way:
1.
In the trabeate principle, a
horizontal beam is placed across two vertical columns and roofs, doors and
windows are made.
2.
In the arcuate principle, the bricks
are joined in an arch shape on a wooden plank, put on two vertical columns,
doors, windows, and roofs, and are made arch-shaped. The weight of the doors
and windows is carried by arches. The keystone of the arch transfers the weight
on the bases of the arch.
2. What is a shikhara?
Answer: A shikhara is the topmost pointed portion of a temple.
3. What is pietra dura?
Answer: Pietra-dura is the inlays (a series of pictures) that
depicted the legendary Greek god Orpheus playing the flute.
4. What are the elements of a Mughal
Chahar bagh garden?
Answer: Mughal Chahar bagh consists of four gardens. These gardens
are placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters
by artificial channels.
5. How did a temple communicate the
importance of a king?
Answer:
The temples communicated the importance of a king in the following manner:
1.
Name of the
temples and the king were almost similar
·
Examples: King: Rajarajadeva.
·
Temple: Rajarajeshvara.
·
God: Rajarajeshvaram
The main
Gods were identical in name with the kings.
Lesser
deities were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler.
Temple was
the miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.
6. An inscription in Shah Johan’s
diwan-i khas in Delhi stated, “If there is Paradise on Earth it is here, it is
here, it is here”. How was this image created?
Answer: Shah Jahan’s diwan-i khas was designed in such a way that
it fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis. It was carefully planned. It
was placed within a large courtyard. Behind the emperor’s throne there were a
series of pietra-dura inlays. It depicted the legendiy god Orpheus playing the
lute. The diwan-e khas was aimed to communicate that the king’s justice
would treat the high and the low as equals, creating a world where all could
live together in harmony. The diwon-i khas reflected the image of a paradise in
itself.
7. How did the Mughal court suggest
that everyone—the rich and the poor, the powerjul and the weak—received justice
equally from the emperor?
Answer: The Diwan-i am of the Mughal court suggested that justice
was made for all in an equal way. The construction of Shah Jahan’s audience
hall was designed to communicate that the king’s justice was equal for the high
and the low. Its aim was to create a world where all could live together in
harmony. There was no difference between the rich and poor in the emperor’s
court.
8. What role did the Yamuna play in
the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
The Yamuna played the following role in the layout of the new Mughal city
at Shahjahanabad.
1.
The palace
was commanded by the riverfront.
2.
Only the
specially favoured nobles like Dara Shukoh were given access to the river.
3.
All others
had to construct their houses far away from the river Yamuna.
9. The rich and powerful construct
large houses today. In what ways were the constructions of kings and their
courtiers different in the past?
Answer:
The constructions of kings and their courtiers were different in the past
in the following ways:
1.
Safety and
security was a major consideration.
2.
Diwan-i am
was constructed for the general public.
3.
The
constructions were carried out on uplands and surrounded by water bodies.
10. Look at Figure 4. How could that
building be constructed faster today?
Answer: Such buildings were usually constructed as a matter of
pride in old days. It was very difficult to construct them but they were made
possible with the help of skilled masons and labourers. Such buildings took a
very long time and a number of labourers to be constructed. But now as
technologies have advanced, we have many facilities, equipment, tools which can
construct huge buildings very easily and in less time.
11. Find out whether there is a
statue of or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it
placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer: There is a very busy chowk in my village. We find there a
statue of Subhash Chandra Bose and hence this chowk is known as Subhash Chowk.
Subhash Chandra Bose was such a great person that he dared to challenge the
British empire by forming his own army. He is now no more but his statue is
there to inspire us. Its purpose is to encourage the youth to do something
different and challenging.
12. Visit and describe any park or
garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from
the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer: The gardens of Mughals gardens were spread over a very
large area. There was a large variety of flowers. They were well-decorated and
protected. But the garden in my neighbourhood is not so large. Everyone has
easy access to this garden. So the flowers are not safe. Thus, we don’t find
any similarities.
Very Short Answer Type
Questions
1. Why was limestone cement used in
the construction of large structures? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Limestone cement was very high-quality cement, which, when
mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete. This made the construction of
large structures easier and faster.
2. How did the Persian court
chronicles describe the Sultan?
Answer: Persian court chronicles described the Sultan as the
‘Shadow of God’.
3. Name the ruler who won universal
respect for constructing a large reservoir just – outside Delhi-i kuhna?
Answer: Sultan Iltutmish.
4. What are the special features of
Humayun’s tomb?
Answer: (a) It has a central towering dome.
(b)It has a tall gateway (pishtaq).
5. What was maha mandapa?
Answer: It was the main hall in the temple where dances were
performed.
6. Name the temple built by king
Rajarajadeva.
Answer: Rajarajeshvara temple.
7. When was the tomb of Hanuman
built?
Answer: It was built between 1562 and 1571.
8. Who constructed the Kandariya
Mahadeva temple?
Answer: King Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty constructed the
Kandariya Mahadeva temple.
9. Where was Shah Jahan’s capital in
the early years of his reign?
Answer: It was at Agra
1o. What is the special feature of
Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar’s capital?
Answer: Many of the buildings show the influence of the
architectural styles of Gujarat and Malwa.
11. Name the king who invaded Sri
Lanka? Whom did he defeat?
Answer: King Shrimara Shrivallabha. He defeated the king, Sena I.
12. What was havellis?
Answer: They were large mansions of the merchants.
13. How did kings win the praise of
their subjects? [V. Imp.]
Answer: They won the praise of their subjects by buildings structures
meant for a public activity such as temples, mosques, tanks, wells,
caravanserais, and bazaars.
Short
Answer Type Questions
1. What type of structures were
built by kings and their officers between the eighth and the eighteenth
centuries?
Answer: During this period kings and their officers built two kinds
of structure
(A)Forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs
(B)Structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks,
wells, caravanserais and bazaars.
2. Write a short note on the
Kandariya Mahadeva temple.
Answer: The Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was
constructed in 999 by the king Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty. The temple
had an ornamented gateway that led to an entrance. It had the main hall known
as maha mandapa where dances were performed. The image of the chief deity was
kept in the main Shrine known as garbhagriha. This was the place for ritual
worship where only the king and his kith and kin gathered.
3. Throw light on how the
construction of the Rqjarqjeshvara temple was a very difficult task.
[V. Imp.]
Answer: The Raj raj Ishvara temple was built in the early 11th
century. It had the tallest shikhara amongst temples of its time. Its
construction was a very difficult task. There were no cranes in those days. The
90 tonne stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually.
Hence, the architects built an inclined path to the top of the temple, placed
the boulder on rollers and rolled it all the way to the top. The path started
more than 4 km away so that it would not be too steep. This was dismantled
after the temple was built.
4. In what ways do you think the
policies of Rajendra I and Mahmud of Ghazni were a product of their time? How
were the actions of the two rulers different? [Imp.]
Answer: King Rajendra I looted the temples of the defeated rulers
and seized prized statues from them. He these statues in the decoration of the
Shiva temple, that he built in his capital in the early 11th century.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a contemporary of Rajendra I. He destroyed and
looted the temples of defeated kings in order to win credit as a great hero of
Islam. Thus, King Rajendra, I constructed a temple while Mahmud of Ghazni
destroyed it. In this way, their actions were very much different.
5. Write a brief note on the Chahar
bagh built by the Mughal rulers.
Answer: The Mughal emperors were very much interested in
literature, art, and architecture. Babur, in his autobiography, described his
interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular
walled enclosures, and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. These
gardens were called Chahar bagh, four gardens, because of their symmetrical
division into quarters. Beginning with Akbar, some of the most beautiful Chahar
baghs were constructed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan in Kashmir, Agra and Delhi.
6. When was Humayun’s tomb built?
What are its special features?
Answer: Humayun’s tomb was, built between 1562 and 1571. Its
main features are:
·
The central
towering dome and the tall gateway known as pishtaqbecame important aspects of
Mughal architecture. This tomb architecture was first visible in Humayun’s
tomb.
·
The tomb was
placed in the centre of a huge formal Chahar baghand built in the tradition
known as ‘eight paradises’ or hasht bihisht—a central hall surrounded by eight
rooms.
·
The building
was constructed with red sandstone, edge with white marble.
7. Give an account of Shah Johan’s
audience halls. [Imp.]
Answer: Shah Jahan’s audience halls were
specially constructed to resemble a mosque.
The pedestal on which his throne was placed was frequently described as the
qibla, the direction faced by Muslims at prayer, since everybody faced that
direction when court was in session. The idea of the king as a representative
of God on earth was suggested by these architectural features.
The construction of Shah Jahan’s
audience hall aimed to communicate that the king’s justice would treat the high
and the low as equals creating a world where all could live together in
harmony.
8. Who were involved in the building
of the Qutb Minor?
Answer: The Qutb Minar is five storeys high. The first floor was
constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak and the rest by Iltutmish around 1229. Over the
years it was damaged by lightning and earthquakes and repaired by Alauddin
Khalji, Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq, and Ibrahim Lodi.
9. How can you say that Mughal
rulers adapted regional architectural styles in the construction of their
buildings? Explain with examples.
Answer: Mughal rulers were skilled in adapting regional
architectural styles in the construction of their buildings.
For example:
In Bengal, the local rulers had developed a roof that was designed to resemble
a thatched hut. The Mughals liked this ‘Bangla dome’ and used it their
architecture.
In Akbar’s capital at Fatehpur
Sikri, many of the buildings show the influence of the architectural styles of
Gujarat and Malwa.
10. Describe how Shah Jahan adapted
the riverfront garden in the layout of the Teg Mahal.
Answer: The Taj Mahal is the grandest
architectural accomplishment of Shah Jahan’s reign. He adapted the river-front
garden in its layout. Here, the white marble mansoleum was placed on a terrace
by the edge of the river and the garden was to its south. Shah Jahan developed
this architectural form as a means to control the access that nobles had to the
river.
11. What is the main feature
of Shah Jahan’s new city of Shahjahanabad? [Imp.]
Answer: Shah Jahan constructed a new city namely Shahjahanabad in
Delhi. In this city, the imperial palace commanded the river-front. Only
especially favoured nobles like his oldest son Dara Shukoh were given access to
the river. All others had to construct their homes in the city away from the
River Yamuna.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 Compare the reasons why
temples were built and destroyed?
Answer: Kings built temples to show their devotion to God and their
power and wealth. King Rajarajeshvara built the Rajarajeshvara temple for the
worship of his god, Rajarajeshvaram. Here, the names of the king and the god
appear to be similar. The king took the god’s name because it was auspicious
and he wanted to appear like a god. The largest temples were usually built by
kings while the other, lesser deities in the temples were gods and goddesses of
the allies and subordinates of the ruler.
The temple was a miniature model of
the world ruled by the king and his allies. As they worshipped the deities
together in the royal temples, it seemed as if they brought the just rule of
the gods on earth. Kings built temples but when they attacked one another’s
kingdoms they often targeted these buildings. In the early 9th century when the
Pandyan King Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated King Sena. he
seized all the valuables such as the statue of the Buddha made entirely of gold
and other golden images from various monasteries. King Sena II took revenge on
this.
He invaded Madurai, the capital of
the Pandyas in order to restore the gold statue of the Buddha. In the same way
when in the early 11th century the Chola King Rajendra I built a Shiva temple
in his capital. He filled it with prized statues seized from defeated rulers.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni not only seized the valuables from the temples but .
also destroyed them. He did it in order to win credit as a great hero of Islam
Thus, rulers displayed their political might and military success by attacking
and looting the places of worship of defeated rulers.
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